Resources: Disease Information

Understanding the mechanism of disease and implications in nmCSPC with high-risk BCR, mCSPC, and CRPC

MECHANISM OF DISEASE

GnRH THERAPY AND PROSTATE CANCER CELL ADAPTATION

In response to GnRH therapy, prostate cancer cells may adapt so that androgen receptor signaling continues to drive cell growth2-6

Androgen information

GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone.


UNDERSTANDING nmCSPC WITH HIGH-RISK BCR

What is BCR in nmCSPC?

BCR is a rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) without macroscopically detectable disease after the failure of definitive therapy16

The definition of BCR is based on the type of prior definitive therapy:

Definition BCR Definitive Therapy
Estimated rate

Based on estimates of men with preoperative high-risk disease, rates of RP, and rates of BCR

Every year, as many as 25,000 men in the United States are estimated to develop recurrent disease following RP19

How is BCR evaluated as high risk in nmCSPC?18,20

Evaluated outline

Identifying patients with nmCSPC with high-risk BCR is an early step in understanding prognosis and guiding the management approach18,21

Risk for metastasis remains even after initial definitive therapy*

Some men may develop metastasis after definitive local therapy with RP or radiation22,23

Retrospective outline

*Treatment for localized disease.

Shorter PSA doubling time is associated with increased risk for metastasis16,17,24

PSA doubling time < 9 months has been associated with poor prognosis24

Based on a retrospective analysis of men treated with RP at a single hospital17,24

median survival rate
  • While patients with local recurrence have a PSA doubling time of 13 months, those with a PSA doubling time of 3 months present with distant metastases25
  • The number of patients in the above study was relatively small, requiring that the findings be viewed as preliminary24

UNDERSTANDING mCSPC

Patients may present with, or progress to, mCSPC, which is rising in prevalence

In a projection based on SEER data26

Metastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer is Rising in Prevalence flowchart. Xtandi (enzalutamide) Risk info.

Based on a forward-looking model that used the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program age-specific prostate cancer incidence rate data from 2008 to estimate prostate cancer incidence for each year from 2009 to 2020. To validate the model, the final results were compared with published estimates of prostate cancer incidence and prevalence in the United States for 2009 and 2020. The model estimates for the year 2020 are based on existing/current (2009) disease incidence, diagnosis, and treatment patterns, and reflect demographic changes in the US population over time (eg, the impact of the baby boomer population).27

Patients with mCSPC can be characterized with 1 of the 2 following diagnoses

Recurrent Metastatic Disease - De novo Metastatic Disease

*Definitive therapy is defined as a radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy with curative intent.27

†Or after bilateral orchiectomy.27


Patients with de novo mCSPC are estimated to have a lower relative survival rate than patients with clinically localized disease29

A SEER analysis* estimates a lower (32.3%) 5-year relative survival rate for patients with mCSPC vs those with clinically localized prostate cancer (100%)29

*A retrospective analysis* of the SEER database, a collection of cancer incidence and survival data from population-based cancer registries covering approximately 48% of the US population, was conducted between 2012 and 2018.29,30

A SEER analysis* estimates a lower (32.3%) 5-year relative survival rate for patients with mCSPC vs those with clinically localized prostate cancer (100%)

Newly diagnosed mCSPC cases in the United States are projected to continue increasing31,32

Annual projected (2020-2025) incidence of newly diagnosed mCSPC31,32

Annual projected incidence of newly diagnosed mCSPC chart. Xtandi (enzalutamide) Risk info.

*From a 2018 study, based on age-period–cohort models and population projections of incidence data for men aged 45-94 years who were diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer at initial clinical presentation. Estimates were based on the population-based SEER Program registries (2004-2014).31


UNDERSTANDING CRPC

CRPC is defined as16:

CRPC definition

CRPC can be nonmetastatic (no radiographic evidence of metastasis) or metastatic (evidence of metastatic disease).

*Or after surgical castration.16

One study estimated that patients treated with GnRH therapy* stop responding within 1-3 years33:

The median time to progression on GnRH therapy* (also known as androgen deprivation therapy) was assessed in a retrospective analysis of 553 patients initiating GnRH therapy* (+/- anti-androgen) with metastatic (49%) or nonmetastatic (51%) castration-sensitive prostate cancer. Median follow-up was 5.1 years33

Median prostate cancer progression time on LHRH chart. Xtandi (enzalutamide) Risk info.

*Or after surgical castration.16

†Defined as the duration of time from GnRH therapy* initiation to the date of progression (2 rises in PSA above a nadir value while receiving GnRH therapy*). The date of progression was defined as the date of the first rise.33


Patients who progress on GnRH therapy* may have asymptomatic mCRPC34:

In a retrospective analysis of patients with asymptomatic CRPC who were previously identified as nonmetastatic34

32 Percent Showed Evidence Chart

CT, computed tomography; mCRPC, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; nmCRPC, nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

*Or after surgical castration.16

The unexpectedly high rate of metastatic disease in this trial suggests that a high proportion of men thought to have nonmetastatic CRPC may have had asymptomatic metastasis.

—Yu EY et al. (2012)34

Retrospective analysis suggests an association between metastatic burden and clinical outcomes35:

In a retrospective analysis of bone metastases among patients with mCRPC, those with fewer bone lesions at baseline experienced better overall survival and progression-free survival35

Those with fewer (one to four) bone lesions with those with five or more bone lesions comparison in retrospective analysis. Xtandi (enzalutamide) Risk info.
  • From a retrospective analysis of 561 patients with confirmed bone metastases from a randomized phase 3 trial, bone metastases at trial entry were confirmed by bone scintigraphy supplemented by CT and/or MRI (where metastases were equivocal). The trial ended early due to a lack of efficacy, which allowed the authors to combine both cohorts and correlate the number of bone metastases present at baseline with the natural history of mCRPC35

Meta-analysis evaluating the impact of site of metastases on overall survival in men with CRPC36

  • This meta-analysis of nine phase 3 studies included 8736 men with CRPC who received docetaxel chemotherapy and was used to evaluate the impact of site of metastases on overall survival36
MEDIAN OVERALL SURVIVAL BY SITE OF METASTASES IN mCRPC (N = 8736)36
Lymph node (LN) only 31.6 months (95% CI, 27.9-35.5)
Bone (with or without LN) 21.3 months (95% CI, 20.8-21.9)
Lung (with or without bone and LN) 19.4 months (95% CI, 17.8-20.7)
Liver (with or without bone, LN, and lung) 13.5 months (95% CI, 12.7-14.4)
  • Limitations of this retrospective analysis include the inability to account for all known prognostic factors across trials. In addition, neither imaging nor imaging reports were centrally reviewed, which prevented an assessment of the impact of metastatic burden and number of metastases36

Early detection of advancing disease may help inform clinical decision-making37,38

Recommendations for the early identification of metastases from the Prostate Cancer Radiographic Assessments for Detection of Advanced Recurrence (RADAR) Group37,38

The RADAR I Group initially convened to provide recommendations for the early identification of prostate cancer metastases using traditional imaging modalities.

The RADAR III Group convened to evaluate the use of next-generation imaging (NGI) modalities and review the rationale behind choosing certain scans, frequency of scanning, interpreting results, and subsequent clinical usefulness.

RADAR III acknowledges the limitations of making recommendations when level 1 evidence-based data are not yet available.

The RADAR VI Group convened to develop pathways and recommendations regarding how new targeted precision imaging (TPI) modalities could be used, given recent approvals of radiotracers.

CRPC scanning recommendations: RADAR37,38

CRPC scanning recommendations: RADAR

18FDG, 18fluorodeoxyglucose; ADT, androgen deprivation therapy; PET, positron emission tomography; PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen.

References: 1. XTANDI [package insert]. Northbrook, IL: Astellas Pharma US, Inc. 2. Chen CD, Welsbie DS, Tran C, et al. Molecular determinants of resistance to antiandrogen therapy. Nat Med 2004;10(1):33-9. 3. Holzbeierlein J, Lal P, LaTulippe E, et al. Gene expression analysis of human prostate carcinoma during hormonal therapy identifies androgen-responsive genes and mechanisms of therapy resistance. Am J Pathol 2004;164(1):217-27. 4. Attard G, Swennenhuis JF, Olmos D, et al. Characterization of ERG, AR and PTEN gene status in circulating tumor cells from patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2009;69(7):2912-8. 5. Taplin ME, Bubley GJ, Shuster TD, et al. Mutation of the androgen-receptor gene in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 1995;332(21):1393-8. 6. Linja MJ, Savinainen KJ, Saramäki OR, Tammela TLJ, Vessella RL, Visakorpi T. Amplification and overexpression of androgen receptor gene in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2001;61(9):3550-5. 7. Tran C, Ouk S, Clegg NJ, et al. Development of a second-generation antiandrogen for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Science 2009;324(5928):787-90. 8. Bubendorf L, Kononen J, Koivisto P, et al. Survey of gene amplifications during prostate cancer progression by high-throughput fluorescence in situ hybridization on tissue microarrays. Cancer Res 1999;59(4):803-6. Erratum in: Cancer Res 1999;59(6):1388. 9. Koivisto P, Kononen J, Palmberg C, et al. Androgen receptor gene amplification: a possible molecular mechanism for androgen deprivation therapy failure in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1997;57(2):314-9. 10. Richards J, Lim AC, Hay CW, et al. Interactions of abiraterone, eplerenone, and prednisolone with wild-type and mutant androgen receptor: a rationale for increasing abiraterone exposure or combining with MDV3100. Cancer Res 2012;72(9):2176-82. 11. Zhao XY, Malloy PJ, Krishnan AV, et al. Glucocorticoids can promote androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer cells through a mutated androgen receptor. Nat Med 2000;6(6):703-6. Erratum in: Nat Med 2000;6(8):939. 12. Veldscholte J, Ris-Stalpers C, Kuiper GG, et al. A mutation in the ligand binding domain of the androgen receptor of human LNCaP cells affects steroid binding characteristics and response to anti-androgens. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990;173(2):534-40. 13. Libertini SJ, Tepper CG, Rodriguez V, Asmuth DM, Kung HJ, Mudryj M. Evidence for calpain-mediated androgen receptor cleavage as a mechanism for androgen independence. Cancer Res 2007;67(19):9001-5. 14. Hu R, Dunn TA, Wei S, et al. Ligand-independent androgen receptor variants derived from splicing of cryptic exons signify hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2009;69(1):16-22. 15. Dehm SM, Schmidt LJ, Heemers HV, Vessella RL, Tindall DJ. Splicing of a novel androgen receptor exon generates a constitutively active androgen receptor that mediates prostate cancer therapy resistance. Cancer Res 2008;68(13):5469-77. 16. Lowrance W, Dreicer R, Jarrard DF, et al. Updates to advanced prostate cancer: AUA/SUO guideline (2023). J Urol 2023;209(6):1082-90. 17. Freedland SJ, Humphreys EB, Mangold LA, et al. Risk of prostate cancer–specific mortality following biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. JAMA 2005;294(4):433-9. 18. Pound CR, Partin AW, Eisenberger MA, Chan DW, Pearson JD, Walsh PC. Natural history of progression after PSA elevation following radical prostatectomy. JAMA 1999;281(17):1591-7. 19. Dess RT, Morgan TM, Nguyen PL, et al. Adjuvant versus early salvage radiation therapy following radical prostatectomy for men with localized prostate cancer. Curr Urol Rep (Epub) 06-06-2017. 20. Antonarakis ES, Chen Y, Elsamanoudi SI, et al. Long-term overall survival and metastasis-free survival for men with prostate-specific antigen-recurrent prostate cancer after prostatectomy: analysis of the Center for Prostate Disease Research National Database. BJU Int 2011;108(3):378-85. 21. Han M, Partin AW, Zahurak M, Piantadosi S, Epstein JI, Walsh PC. Biochemical (prostate specific antigen) recurrence probability following radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol 2003;169(2):517-23. 22. Suardi N, Porter CR, Reuther AM, et al. A nomogram predicting long-term biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Cancer 2008;112(6):1254-63. 23. K Klusa D, Lohaus F, Furesi G, et al. Metastatic spread in prostate cancer patients influencing radiotherapy response. Front Oncol (Epub) 03-04-2021. 24. Antonarakis ES, Feng Z, Trock BJ, et al. The natural history of metastatic progression in men with prostate-specific antigen recurrence after radical prostatectomy: long-term follow-up. BJU Int 2012;109(1):32-9. 25. Hancock SL, Cox RS, Bagshaw MA. Prostate specific antigen after radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a reevaluation of long-term biochemical control and the kinetics of recurrence in patients treated at Stanford University. J Urol 1995;154(4):1412-7. 26. Supplement to: Scher HI, Solo K, Valant J, Todd MB, Mehra M. Prevalence of prostate cancer clinical states and mortality in the United States: estimates using a dynamic progression model. PLoS One 2015;10(10):e0139440. 27. Scher HI, Solo K, Valant J, Todd MB, Mehra M. Prevalence of prostate cancer clinical states and mortality in the United States: estimates using a dynamic progression model. PLoS One 2015;10(10):e0139440. 28. Finianos A, Gupta K, Clark B, Simmens SJ, Aragon-Ching JB. Characterization of differences between prostate cancer patients presenting with de novo versus primary progressive metastatic disease. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2018;16(1):85-9. 29. National Cancer Institute. Prostate: SEER 5-year relative survival rates, 2012-2018. https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics-network/explorer/application.html?site=66&data_type=4&graph_type=5&compareBy=stage&chk_stage_101=101&chk_stage_104=104&chk_stage_105=105&chk_stage_106=106&chk_stage_107=107&series=9&hdn_sex=2&race=1&age_range=1&advopt_precision=1&advopt_show_ci=on&hdn_view=1. Accessed 03-17-2023. 30. National Cancer Institute. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) (07-2021). https://seer.cancer.gov/about/factsheets/SEER_Overview.pdf. Accessed 02-27-2024. 31. Kelly SP, Anderson WF, Rosenberg PS, Cook MB. Past, current, and future incidence rates and burden of metastatic prostate cancer in the United States. Eur Urol Focus 2018;4(1):121-7. 32. Supplement to: Kelly SP, Anderson WF, Rosenberg PS, Cook MB. Past, current, and future incidence rates and burden of metastatic prostate cancer in the United States. Eur Urol Focus 2018;4(1):121-7. 33. Ross RW, Xie W, Regan MM, et al. Efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in patients with advanced prostate cancer: association between Gleason score, prostate-specific antigen level, and prior ADT exposure with duration of ADT effect. Cancer 2008;112(6):1247-53. 34. Yu EY, Miller K, Nelson J, et al. Detection of previously unidentified metastatic disease as a leading cause of screening failure in a phase III trial of zibotentan versus placebo in patients with nonmetastatic, castration resistant prostate cancer. J Urol 2012;188(1):103-9. 35. Tait C, Moore D, Hodgson C, et al. Quantification of skeletal metastases in castrate-resistant prostate cancer predicts progression-free and overall survival. BJU Int 2014;114(6b):E70-3. 36. Halabi S, Kelly WK, Ma H, et al. Meta-analysis evaluating the impact of site of metastasis on overall survival in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2016;34(14):1652-9. 37. Crawford ED, Koo PJ, Shore N, et al. A clinician's guide to next generation imaging in patients with advanced prostate cancer (RADAR III). J Urol 2019;201(4):682-92. 38. Crawford ED, Albala DM, Harris RG, et al. A clinician's guide to targeted precision imaging in patients with prostate cancer (RADAR VI). JU Open Plus (Epub) 12-29-2022.

Important Safety Information

Warnings and Precautions

Seizure occurred in 0.6% of patients receiving XTANDI in eight randomized clinical trials. In a study of patients with predisposing factors for seizure, 2.2% of XTANDI-treated patients experienced a seizure. It is unknown whether anti-epileptic medications will prevent seizures with XTANDI. Patients in the study had one or more of the following predisposing factors: use of medications that may lower the seizure threshold, history of traumatic brain or head injury, history of cerebrovascular accident or transient ischemic attack, and Alzheimer’s disease, meningioma, or leptomeningeal disease from prostate cancer, unexplained loss of consciousness within the last 12 months, history of seizure, presence of a space occupying lesion of the brain, history of arteriovenous malformation, or history of brain infection. Advise patients of the risk of developing a seizure while taking XTANDI and of engaging in any activity where sudden loss of consciousness could cause serious harm to themselves or others. Permanently discontinue XTANDI in patients who develop a seizure during treatment.

Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) There have been reports of PRES in patients receiving XTANDI. PRES is a neurological disorder that can present with rapidly evolving symptoms including seizure, headache, lethargy, confusion, blindness, and other visual and neurological disturbances, with or without associated hypertension. A diagnosis of PRES requires confirmation by brain imaging, preferably MRI. Discontinue XTANDI in patients who develop PRES.

Hypersensitivity reactions, including edema of the face (0.5%), tongue (0.1%), or lip (0.1%) have been observed with XTANDI in eight randomized clinical trials. Pharyngeal edema has been reported in post-marketing cases. Advise patients who experience any symptoms of hypersensitivity to temporarily discontinue XTANDI and promptly seek medical care. Permanently discontinue XTANDI for serious hypersensitivity reactions.

Ischemic Heart Disease In the combined data of five randomized, placebo-controlled clinical studies, ischemic heart disease occurred more commonly in patients on the XTANDI arm compared to patients on the placebo arm (3.5% vs 2%). Grade 3-4 ischemic events occurred in 1.8% of patients on XTANDI versus 1.1% on placebo. Ischemic events led to death in 0.4% of patients on XTANDI compared to 0.1% on placebo. Monitor for signs and symptoms of ischemic heart disease. Optimize management of cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia. Discontinue XTANDI for Grade 3-4 ischemic heart disease.

Falls and Fractures occurred in patients receiving XTANDI. Evaluate patients for fracture and fall risk. Monitor and manage patients at risk for fractures according to established treatment guidelines and consider use of bone-targeted agents. In the combined data of five randomized, placebo-controlled clinical studies, falls occurred in 12% of patients treated with XTANDI compared to 6% of patients treated with placebo. Fractures occurred in 13% of patients treated with XTANDI and in 6% of patients treated with placebo.

Embryo-Fetal Toxicity The safety and efficacy of XTANDI have not been established in females. XTANDI can cause fetal harm and loss of pregnancy when administered to a pregnant female. Advise males with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with XTANDI and for 3 months after the last dose of XTANDI.

Adverse Reactions (ARs)

In the data from the five randomized placebo-controlled trials, the most common ARs ( 10%) that occurred more frequently ( 2% over placebo) in XTANDI-treated patients were musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, hot flush, constipation, decreased appetite, diarrhea, hypertension, hemorrhage, fall, fracture, and headache. In the bicalutamide-controlled study, the most common ARs ( 10%) reported in XTANDI-treated patients were asthenia/fatigue, back pain, musculoskeletal pain, hot flush, hypertension, nausea, constipation, diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infection, and weight loss.

In AFFIRM, the placebo-controlled study of metastatic CRPC (mCRPC) patients who previously received docetaxel, Grade 3 and higher ARs were reported among 47% of XTANDI-treated patients. Discontinuations due to ARs were reported for 16% of XTANDI-treated patients. In PREVAIL, the placebo-controlled study of chemotherapy-naive mCRPC patients, Grade 3-4 ARs were reported in 44% of XTANDI patients and 37% of placebo patients. Discontinuations due to ARs were reported for 6% of XTANDI-treated patients. In TERRAIN, the bicalutamide-controlled study of chemotherapy-naive mCRPC patients, Grade 3-4 ARs were reported in 39% of XTANDI patients and 38% of bicalutamide patients. Discontinuations with an AR as the primary reason were reported for 8% of XTANDI patients and 6% of bicalutamide patients.

In PROSPER, the placebo-controlled study of nonmetastatic CRPC (nmCRPC) patients, Grade 3 or higher ARs were reported in 31% of XTANDI patients and 23% of placebo patients. Discontinuations with an AR as the primary reason were reported for 9% of XTANDI patients and 6% of placebo patients.

In ARCHES, the placebo-controlled study of metastatic CSPC (mCSPC) patients, Grade 3 or higher ARs were reported in 24% of XTANDI-treated patients. Permanent discontinuation due to ARs as the primary reason was reported in 5% of XTANDI patients and 4% of placebo patients.

In EMBARK, the placebo-controlled study of nonmetastatic CSPC (nmCSPC) with high-risk biochemical recurrence (BCR) patients, Grade 3 or higher adverse reactions during the total duration of treatment were reported in 46% of patients treated with XTANDI plus leuprolide, 50% of patients receiving XTANDI as a single agent, and 43% of patients receiving placebo plus leuprolide. Permanent treatment discontinuation due to adverse reactions during the total duration of treatment as the primary reason was reported in 21% of patients treated with XTANDI plus leuprolide, 18% of patients receiving XTANDI as a single agent, and 10% of patients receiving placebo plus leuprolide.

Lab Abnormalities: Lab abnormalities that occurred in 5% of patients, and more frequently (> 2%) in the XTANDI arm compared to placebo in the pooled, randomized, placebo-controlled studies are hemoglobin decrease, neutrophil count decreased, white blood cell decreased, hyperglycemia, hypermagnesemia, hyponatremia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypercalcemia.

Hypertension: In the combined data from five randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials, hypertension was reported in 14.2% of XTANDI patients and 7.4% of placebo patients. Hypertension led to study discontinuation in < 1% of patients in each arm.

Drug Interactions

Effect of Other Drugs on XTANDI Avoid coadministration with strong CYP2C8 inhibitors. If coadministration cannot be avoided, reduce the dosage of XTANDI.

Avoid coadministration with strong CYP3A4 inducers. If coadministration cannot be avoided, increase the dosage of XTANDI.

Effect of XTANDI on Other Drugs Avoid coadministration with certain CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 substrates for which minimal decrease in concentration may lead to therapeutic failure of the substrate. If coadministration cannot be avoided, increase the dosage of these substrates in accordance with their Prescribing Information. In cases where active metabolites are formed, there may be increased exposure to the active metabolites.

Indications

XTANDI® (enzalutamide) is indicated for the treatment of patients with:

  • nonmetastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (nmCSPC) with biochemical recurrence at high risk for metastasis (high-risk BCR)
  • metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC)
  • castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)

Please see Full Prescribing Information.

Important Safety Information

Warnings and Precautions

Seizure occurred in 0.6% of patients receiving XTANDI in eight randomized clinical trials. In a study of patients with predisposing factors for seizure, 2.2% of XTANDI-treated patients experienced a seizure. It is unknown whether anti-epileptic medications will prevent seizures with XTANDI. Patients in the study had one or more of the following predisposing factors: use of medications that may lower the seizure threshold, history of traumatic brain or head injury, history of cerebrovascular accident or transient ischemic attack, and Alzheimer’s disease, meningioma, or leptomeningeal disease from prostate cancer, unexplained loss of consciousness within the last 12 months, history of seizure, presence of a space occupying lesion of the brain, history of arteriovenous malformation, or history of brain infection. Advise patients of the risk of developing a seizure while taking XTANDI and of engaging in any activity where sudden loss of consciousness could cause serious harm to themselves or others. Permanently discontinue XTANDI in patients who develop a seizure during treatment.

Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) There have been reports of PRES in patients receiving XTANDI. PRES is a neurological disorder that can present with rapidly evolving symptoms including seizure, headache, lethargy, confusion, blindness, and other visual and neurological disturbances, with or without associated hypertension. A diagnosis of PRES requires confirmation by brain imaging, preferably MRI. Discontinue XTANDI in patients who develop PRES.

Hypersensitivity reactions, including edema of the face (0.5%), tongue (0.1%), or lip (0.1%) have been observed with XTANDI in eight randomized clinical trials. Pharyngeal edema has been reported in post-marketing cases. Advise patients who experience any symptoms of hypersensitivity to temporarily discontinue XTANDI and promptly seek medical care. Permanently discontinue XTANDI for serious hypersensitivity reactions.

Ischemic Heart Disease In the combined data of five randomized, placebo-controlled clinical studies, ischemic heart disease occurred more commonly in patients on the XTANDI arm compared to patients on the placebo arm (3.5% vs 2%). Grade 3-4 ischemic events occurred in 1.8% of patients on XTANDI versus 1.1% on placebo. Ischemic events led to death in 0.4% of patients on XTANDI compared to 0.1% on placebo. Monitor for signs and symptoms of ischemic heart disease. Optimize management of cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia. Discontinue XTANDI for Grade 3-4 ischemic heart disease.

Falls and Fractures occurred in patients receiving XTANDI. Evaluate patients for fracture and fall risk. Monitor and manage patients at risk for fractures according to established treatment guidelines and consider use of bone-targeted agents. In the combined data of five randomized, placebo-controlled clinical studies, falls occurred in 12% of patients treated with XTANDI compared to 6% of patients treated with placebo. Fractures occurred in 13% of patients treated with XTANDI and in 6% of patients treated with placebo.

Embryo-Fetal Toxicity The safety and efficacy of XTANDI have not been established in females. XTANDI can cause fetal harm and loss of pregnancy when administered to a pregnant female. Advise males with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with XTANDI and for 3 months after the last dose of XTANDI.

Adverse Reactions (ARs)

In the data from the five randomized placebo-controlled trials, the most common ARs ( 10%) that occurred more frequently ( 2% over placebo) in XTANDI-treated patients were musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, hot flush, constipation, decreased appetite, diarrhea, hypertension, hemorrhage, fall, fracture, and headache. In the bicalutamide-controlled study, the most common ARs ( 10%) reported in XTANDI-treated patients were asthenia/fatigue, back pain, musculoskeletal pain, hot flush, hypertension, nausea, constipation, diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infection, and weight loss.

In AFFIRM, the placebo-controlled study of metastatic CRPC (mCRPC) patients who previously received docetaxel, Grade 3 and higher ARs were reported among 47% of XTANDI-treated patients. Discontinuations due to ARs were reported for 16% of XTANDI-treated patients. In PREVAIL, the placebo-controlled study of chemotherapy-naive mCRPC patients, Grade 3-4 ARs were reported in 44% of XTANDI patients and 37% of placebo patients. Discontinuations due to ARs were reported for 6% of XTANDI-treated patients. In TERRAIN, the bicalutamide-controlled study of chemotherapy-naive mCRPC patients, Grade 3-4 ARs were reported in 39% of XTANDI patients and 38% of bicalutamide patients. Discontinuations with an AR as the primary reason were reported for 8% of XTANDI patients and 6% of bicalutamide patients.

In PROSPER, the placebo-controlled study of nonmetastatic CRPC (nmCRPC) patients, Grade 3 or higher ARs were reported in 31% of XTANDI patients and 23% of placebo patients. Discontinuations with an AR as the primary reason were reported for 9% of XTANDI patients and 6% of placebo patients.

In ARCHES, the placebo-controlled study of metastatic CSPC (mCSPC) patients, Grade 3 or higher ARs were reported in 24% of XTANDI-treated patients. Permanent discontinuation due to ARs as the primary reason was reported in 5% of XTANDI patients and 4% of placebo patients.

In EMBARK, the placebo-controlled study of nonmetastatic CSPC (nmCSPC) with high-risk biochemical recurrence (BCR) patients, Grade 3 or higher adverse reactions during the total duration of treatment were reported in 46% of patients treated with XTANDI plus leuprolide, 50% of patients receiving XTANDI as a single agent, and 43% of patients receiving placebo plus leuprolide. Permanent treatment discontinuation due to adverse reactions during the total duration of treatment as the primary reason was reported in 21% of patients treated with XTANDI plus leuprolide, 18% of patients receiving XTANDI as a single agent, and 10% of patients receiving placebo plus leuprolide.

Lab Abnormalities: Lab abnormalities that occurred in 5% of patients, and more frequently (> 2%) in the XTANDI arm compared to placebo in the pooled, randomized, placebo-controlled studies are hemoglobin decrease, neutrophil count decreased, white blood cell decreased, hyperglycemia, hypermagnesemia, hyponatremia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypercalcemia.

Hypertension: In the combined data from five randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials, hypertension was reported in 14.2% of XTANDI patients and 7.4% of placebo patients. Hypertension led to study discontinuation in < 1% of patients in each arm.

Drug Interactions

Effect of Other Drugs on XTANDI Avoid coadministration with strong CYP2C8 inhibitors. If coadministration cannot be avoided, reduce the dosage of XTANDI.

Avoid coadministration with strong CYP3A4 inducers. If coadministration cannot be avoided, increase the dosage of XTANDI.

Effect of XTANDI on Other Drugs Avoid coadministration with certain CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 substrates for which minimal decrease in concentration may lead to therapeutic failure of the substrate. If coadministration cannot be avoided, increase the dosage of these substrates in accordance with their Prescribing Information. In cases where active metabolites are formed, there may be increased exposure to the active metabolites.

Indications

XTANDI® (enzalutamide) is indicated for the treatment of patients with:

  • nonmetastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (nmCSPC) with biochemical recurrence at high risk for metastasis (high-risk BCR)
  • metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC)
  • castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)

Please see Full Prescribing Information.